Zero Trust | CompTIA Security+ 701

Traditional Network Security: Relying on Implicit Trust Zones

Network security has traditionally been based on implicit trust zones, where different network segments are categorized by their perceived security levels. Firewalls and VPNs are commonly used to control access between these zones.

For example, an internal LAN might be considered more secure than external networks like the internet. However, as cyber threats evolve, this approach has become increasingly inadequate.

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA): Rethinking Trust in Network Security

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) eliminates implicit trust by verifying every access request based on identity and context, regardless of network location. This ensures a higher level of security.

In a traditional model, a user who gains access to the internal network might have unrestricted access to cloud resources. Under ZTNA, every request is authenticated and authorized before access is granted.

Components of Zero Trust Architecture

1. Policy Enforcement Point (PEP)

The Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) acts as the security gatekeeper, making real-time access control decisions based on security policies.

If an employee requests access to a sensitive database, the PEP checks authentication credentials and predefined security rules before granting access.

2. Adaptive Identity Authentication

Authentication in Zero Trust adapts to risk factors such as device type, user behavior, and location. Higher-risk scenarios may require additional verification, such as Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA).

A user logging in from an unknown device may be required to complete biometric authentication for added security.

3. Control Plane and Data Plane

Network operations in Zero Trust are divided into two key areas:

• Control Plane: Manages security policies and access rules.
• Data Plane: Facilitates secure data transfer and communication while continuously monitoring activities.

4. Secure Access Service Edge (SASE)

SASE integrates network and security services into a cloud-based solution, providing consistent protection regardless of user location.

SASE applies security policies uniformly across all access points, ensuring compliance and reducing cyber risks.

Conclusion

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) represents a modern approach to network security, prioritizing identity verification and contextual analysis over traditional perimeter defenses. By implementing PEP, adaptive authentication, and cloud-based security solutions like SASE, organizations can enhance security, improve agility, and mitigate cyber threats effectively.